Pakistan Journal of Applied Psychology (PJAP)

Moderating Role of Tawakkul in Anxious Attachment to God and Depression

2023-08-26T18:44:40+00:00

The present study aimed at exploring the moderating role
of tawakkul in the relationship of anxious attachment to
God and depression among Muslim adults. A sample of
350 Muslim adults was purposively chosen for the present
study. Tawakkul was measured through Tawakkul Scale
(Gondal et al., 2022), anxious attachment to God was
measured through Urdu version of anxious attachment
subscale of the Attachment to God Scale (Noureen, 2017),
and depression was measured through Urdu version of
depression subscale of DASS-21 (Aslam, 2018). Results
indicated that tawakkul significantly moderated the
relationship between anxious attachment to God and
depression such that their relationship became stronger
when level of tawakkul was low. Higher levels of tawakkul
decreased the likelihood of developing depression.
Limitations and suggestions for future research have also
been discussed.

Parental Influence on Adolescent Substance Use: A Systematic Review

2024-05-10T10:19:04+00:00

Adolescence is a time characterized by great physical and
emotional changes that creates a lot of stress so individuals
in this age and stage are prone to more negative behavior
this is why substance use in early years can have more
serious and damaging consequences. The support of
people you have around determines your behavior
specially the parenting style, that can be interpreted as
universal style of parenting. The main focus of this review
is to explore the effect of parenting styles on adolescent
substance use. A systematic review of electronic databases
EBSCO, Emerald, PubMed, Ovid, Science Direct,
ProQuest, Taylor and Francis and Web of Science was
conducted from database inception to February to 2023.
Forty-eight unique records in total, were retrieved from the
eight databases between 2000 to 2023. Overall, reviewed
studies conducted in 11 countries: such as USA 19, Uk 05,
China 02, Switzerland03, Span 02, Mauritius 01, Barazil
01, South Africa 03, America 02, Swedan 02Turkey 01,
West Africa 01, Nigeria 01, Italy 01, Iran 01, Canada 01,
Balkans 02. From the information in these studies, we can
identify four basic parenting styles that were used to
observe the connection between substance use in
adolescence and parenting styles. This review showed that
authoritarian, permissive and neglectful parenting styles
all increase the chances of adolescents to use drugs while
the authoritative parenting style was the only one that
decreases the probability of substance use in adolescence.
To highlight the importance of positive parenting style
further studies are recommended with improved quality of
the researches by focusing more on stakeholder
engagement and expanding the degree of theory
application as well as theory reporting.

Work Attitudes Leading to Work Family Conflict in Health Professionals of Twin Cities of Pakistan

2023-08-07T18:45:27+00:00

The study was conducted with the intention to determine
any link between work attitudes like organizational
commitment (affective and continuation commitment),
work-related contentment, and work-family conflict of
married healthcare professionals. The study investigated
the differences of work-family conflict in single-earner
and dual-earner couples. Work-to-family conflict and
family-to-work conflict were assessed using the Work and
Family Conflict Scale (10 items). Revised version of the
Employee Commitment Survey (12-item) was opted to
determine affective and continuance commitment of
employees. Short Index of Job Satisfaction (6-item) was
utilized to assess job satisfaction level of the employees.
The association between the study variables was assessed
using Pearson correlational analysis. Multiple linear
regression analysis carried out to see how well continuance
commitment, affective commitment and job satisfaction
can predict work-family conflict and t-test was performed
to see the single and dual-earner couples’ differences.
Analysis demonstrated that work-family conflict
negatively correlates with satisfaction at job r= -.233 with
p<0.01 and affective commitment r= -.246 with p<0.01.
Job satisfaction also has negative correlation with affective
commitment r= -.456 with p<0.01. Job satisfaction and
affective commitment are negatively associated with
work-family conflict, but continuation commitment is
found to be a positive predictor. The research found no
significant variation in work family conflict of singleearner
and dual-earner couples of healthcare professionals
(doctors).

Self-Concept, Social Support and Empathy in College Students

2024-05-10T17:11:32+00:00

The present study intended to find the relationship between
self-concept, social support and empathy in college students. A
purposive sampling technique was used to gather a sample of
200 participants (100 private college students, 100 government
college students), ranging from 16 to 18 years of age (M = 2.3,
SD = .74) was taken. The study comprised equal data of both
boys and girls. Urdu translated tools such as Urdu Adjective
Checklist (UAC), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social
Support (MSPSS) and Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI)
were used along with Informed Consent and Demographic
Sheet. Different statistical analyses were conducted. The
results of the analysis showed significant positive correlation
between self-concept and social support (r=.27**, p<.01)
while, self-concept and empathy have significant negative
correlation (r=-.23**, p<.01) in college students. Results also
showed that boys have high self-concept (M=162.72, SD=
30.52) as compared to girls (M=151.54, SD=14.26). Moreover,
social support significantly predicts self-concept (β=.26,
p=˂.001) with 7% of variance whereas, empathy negatively
predicts self-concept (β=-.20, p<.002) with 16% of variance in
college students. Results also showed gender as negative
predictor of self-concept in college students (β=-.21, p<.002)
with 12% variance while, results depict that family system
positively predicts the self-concept in college students (β=.16,
p<.02) with a variance of 18%. Results also showed that the
qualification of parents affects the level of empathy in students.
Students having qualified parents also had higher level of
empathy as compared to those with illiterate parents or lesser
educated

Keywords: Self-Concept, Social Support, Empathy, College Students.

Stress Tolerance, Job Satisfaction and Happiness in Sales Persons

2024-03-03T17:57:49+00:00

Identifying the relationship between stress tolerance, job
satisfaction and happiness in sales persons looking deeper
into the gender differences was the core aim of the study
based on the theoretical framework of Maslow hierarchy
of needs. In the current cross-sectional correlational study,
a sample of 150 participants (both male and female sales
person from various brands) was selected through
purposive sampling with an inclusion criterion of
education till secondary level. Cohen’s perceived Stress
Scale (Cohen, et al 1983), Job Satisfaction Survey
(Spector, 1997), and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire
(Hills & Argyle, 2002) were used along with the
demographic information. Results revealed highly
significant positive relationship between job satisfaction
and happiness. Stress was found to be negatively
correlated with job satisfaction and happiness which
confirms the hypothesis that stress tolerance has a positive
relationship with job satisfaction and happiness. Gender
seemed to have no impact on stress tolerance, job
satisfaction and happiness of sales persons. The findings
of the current study suggests further in-depth exploration
of the mediating role of other confounding variables. It has
practical implications for sales persons as they can better
understand aspects of job which brings happiness and
satisfaction, building resilience and stress tolerance.

Influence of Religious Orientation on Mental Health among Middle Adults: Role of Mysticism

2024-05-03T06:09:07+00:00

This research investigates the impact of various religious
orientations— intrinsic, extrinsic, and quest—on mental
health factors such as well-being, depression, anxiety, and
stress among middle-aged adults in Punjab. The study
involved 400 participants, equally split by gender, using a
purposive convenient sampling method. Standardized scales
including the Muslim Religious Orientation Scale (MROS)
(Anwar et al., 2019), The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing
Scale (WEMWBS) (Tennant et al., 2007), Depression
Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995),
and Hood’s Mysticism Scale, 8-Item version (Streib et al.,
2021) were administered to assess religious orientation,
mental well-being, psychopathology, and mysticism
respectively. The results indicated positive correlations
between religious orientation and both mental well-being and
mysticism, and negative correlations with
psychopathological symptoms. Furthermore, regression
analyses confirmed that all three religious orientations
significantly predicted better mental well-being and lower
levels of psychopathology. Mysticism was found to
significantly mediate the relationship between religious
orientation and mental health outcomes. These findings could
guide medical practitioners in tailoring treatment plans that
consider patients' religious beliefs, potentially enhancing
therapeutic outcomes.

Childhood Trauma and Somatic Complaints in Male Child Laborers and Mainstream School Children: A Comparative Study

2024-05-11T17:05:42+00:00

The present study intended to investigate the relationship
between childhood trauma and somatic complaints in male
child laborers and to compare child laborers and mainstream
children concerning childhood trauma and somatic
complaints. In the current correlational study, a sample of 400
boys (child laborers=200; mainstream school children=200)
in the age range of 6-16 years (M=12.03; SD=2.03) was
selected using the multistage sampling technique from two
cities i.e., Faisalabad and Chiniot of Punjab province,
Pakistan. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form
(Bernstein, et al., 1994) and Somatic Complaints List
(Jellesma et al., 2007) were used in the Urdu language to
assess childhood trauma and somatic complaints
respectively. Pearson product-moment correlation,
regression analysis, and t-test through Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS v-25) were conducted for data
analysis. The results indicated a significant positive
correlation between childhood trauma and somatic
complaints. Furthermore, childhood trauma was found to be
a significant predictor of somatic complaints. Additionally,
Child laborers scored significantly higher than mainstream
school children on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and
Somatic Complaints. As far as subscales of the Childhood
Trauma Questionnaire are concerned, child laborers scored
higher on Abuse, and Physical Neglect as compared to
mainstream school children whereas, Emotional Neglect and
Denial were found to be more in mainstream school children
as compared to the child laborers.

Decolonizing Qualitative Research: Strategies for Inclusivity and Equity

2024-05-11T17:18:12+00:00

This editorial argues for the decolonization of qualitative research, emphasizing the need to challenge dominant research paradigms and prioritize diverse epistemologies, inclusivity, and equity. We discuss strategies for decolonial research, including co-creation, community-based participatory research, and decentering dominant epistemologies. We also highlight the importance of power sharing, positionality awareness, and accountability in research relationships. Finally, we call for funding agencies, institutions, and peer review processes to support decolonial research practices.