https://journals.iub.edu.pk/index.php/sjps <p>Editor, (Sadiq Journal of Pakistan Studies) welcomes scholars to submit well-researched and unpublished papers along with a statement certifying that the work is original and is not currently under consideration for publication in any other journal. Please feel free to contact us for any comments, questions or feedback.</p> <p>Manuscripts can only be submitted through an online management system. For details, please read ‘Instructions for Authors. All correspondence should be addressed to the editor through post or email at: <a href="mailto:editor.sjps@iub.edu.pk">editor.sjps@iub.edu.pk</a></p> Depatment of Pakistan studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur en-US SADIQ Journal of Pakistan Studies 2789-102X <p>All the articles editorially accepted for publication by the Sadiq Journal of Pakistan Studies (SJPS) are licensed under the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode">Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)</a>. Submitting a manuscript to SJPS, the author has to certify that he/ she is authorized by other contributors (s) and co-author (s) to enter the publication process.</p> <p>He/ She shall assure on behalf of all author (s) that:</p> <ol> <li>The manuscript is original, it has not been published in any other journal before, is not under consideration for any other journal and does not violate any existing copyrights or any other rights of a third party.</li> <li>I/we have full authority to enter into this agreement for granting the rights to SJPS as sole author (s) of the article without breaching any other obligation.</li> <li>The manuscript does not contain any unlawful and libelous content or anything that would breach the agreement (s) of confidence, commitment, and secrecy.</li> <li>I/we certify that due care has been taken to ensure the reliability of the article. All purported statements and information are facts to the best of my/our knowledge and the currently accepted standards of scientific knowledge. Therefore, any of the proposed methods or instructions will not, if followed accurately, cause any damage or loss to the user (s).</li> </ol> https://journals.iub.edu.pk/index.php/sjps/article/view/2723 <p>China invested billions of dollars in Pakistan and made this project based on thebenefit of both countries. China tried to abandon trade through the Malacca Straitfrom South China Sea because there was too much risk of terrorism and the routewas too long. China chose South Asia because there was less competition for theirproducts, low labor wages and then China saw no other country in South Asia ascredible except Pakistan. Pakistan accepted China's offer because at that timePakistan's economic condition was very bad, because of the proxy war fought fromthe United States after the 9/11 attack. Other countries were afraid to invest inPakistan because of the rule of terrorism. Both countries faced problems beforeand after starting this project and are still facing problems but the benefitsoutweigh the problems due to which both countries are running this project tillnow. Many people are talking that CPEC can become the East India company inthe future. No one has seen the future but CPEC will never become East IndiaCompany because China wants to see itself as a super power in the future and thisproject is a ladder on their way to super power. China will never want risk its pathto becoming a superpower for a country whose economy is already in dire straits.Developed countries are against the project, because it has the potential tocompete with Dubai, Singapore and Hong Kong port in the future. If the twocountries continue to work for the development of this project with mutualcooperation, this project can become back bone in improving the economiccondition of both countries.</p> Aisha Arshad Copyright (c) 2024 By submitting an article to the editor, the author (s) will automatically grant editors the rights to edit and post the content of the articles on the official website of the Sadiq Journal of Pakistan Studies (SJPS) if accepted. Author (s) retain the copyrights and will grant SJPS the non-exclusive rights of first publication of manuscript electronically and in print form and to identify SJPS as the original publisher under creative commons License. It will allow others to share the content with explicit indication of the authorship and its initial publication in SJPS. Under these licensing terms, the author (s) confirm that all the content of the published manuscript will be distributed in the public domain and other researchers may use it exclusively for the non-profit scientific purpose (s) with the obligatory acknowledgement of authorship. Author (s) reserves unconditional rights to copy and reproduce the published work for teaching, use it in other research and redistribute, share or place the copy of the article to any other medium or format, even commercially only if SJPS is explicitly acknowledged as the original publisher. However, author (s) cannot apply any legal or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything that is already permitted under the license terms. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2024-04-28 2024-04-28 3 2 1 7 https://journals.iub.edu.pk/index.php/sjps/article/view/2727 <p>This thesis explores Qatar's significant mediation efforts in facilitating the Afghanpeace process, shedding light on the complexities and dynamics of moderndiplomacy in conflict resolution. Through a comprehensive examination of Qatar'sdiplomatic initiatives, the study elucidates the country's motivations, strategies,and challenges in playing a mediating role between the Afghan government andthe Taliban. Drawing on primary sources, including diplomatic statements andagreements, as well as secondary analyses from scholarly literature, the researchevaluates the effectiveness of Qatar's mediation efforts and their impact on thebroader landscape of regional stability. Additionally, the thesis analyzes theimplications of Qatar's involvement for international relations and the evolvingnature of mediation in contemporary conflicts. By providing a nuancedunderstanding of Qatar's mediatory role, this study contributes to mediation as aconflict resolution, diplomacy, and Middle Eastern politics.</p> Afsana Bibi Moazzam Khan Durrani Rehmat Ullah Copyright (c) 2024 By submitting an article to the editor, the author (s) will automatically grant editors the rights to edit and post the content of the articles on the official website of the Sadiq Journal of Pakistan Studies (SJPS) if accepted. Author (s) retain the copyrights and will grant SJPS the non-exclusive rights of first publication of manuscript electronically and in print form and to identify SJPS as the original publisher under creative commons License. It will allow others to share the content with explicit indication of the authorship and its initial publication in SJPS. Under these licensing terms, the author (s) confirm that all the content of the published manuscript will be distributed in the public domain and other researchers may use it exclusively for the non-profit scientific purpose (s) with the obligatory acknowledgement of authorship. Author (s) reserves unconditional rights to copy and reproduce the published work for teaching, use it in other research and redistribute, share or place the copy of the article to any other medium or format, even commercially only if SJPS is explicitly acknowledged as the original publisher. However, author (s) cannot apply any legal or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything that is already permitted under the license terms. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2024-04-28 2024-04-28 3 2 8 22 https://journals.iub.edu.pk/index.php/sjps/article/view/2724 <p>The Hima civilization is located at the momentous trade and commercial junctionat western region of Najran in Saudi Arabia. Najran is one of the ancient populoussites in the country that is enriched with historical and archaeological evidencesdiscovered in a variety of historical sites ranging from the prehistoric Stone Agethrough the Islamic period. The Bir- Hima Complex chronological period is from2500 to 1000 BC. It was a primary road for merchants, militaries and Hajjpilgrimage for the presence of sparkling water wells. Caravans; mostly fromsouthern sections of desert; such as; Mesopotamia, Levant and Egypt wereaccustomed to stop over at Bir- Hima. Besides, this historical route was also usedby commercial caravans from Greece and Rome, owing to which countenance ofbirth of new notions and intellectual advancement in the area was surfaced. Infact, it was oldest known toll station in Arabian Desert. This site is a hub ofhistorical-cultural evidences which brings into light several traits of pre Islamicand afterwards cultures. The land and its surrounding area are as well enrich inunexcavated archaeological resources, including that of cairns, stone buildings,interments, stone tool scatters, and old wells. In the light of above argument, thisarticle attempts to underscore distinguish civilization traits of Bir- Hima throughhistorical findings. This is historical narration of the civilizational features of Bir-Hima site.</p> Qurat ul Ain Bashir Farah Naz Bhatti Copyright (c) 2024 By submitting an article to the editor, the author (s) will automatically grant editors the rights to edit and post the content of the articles on the official website of the Sadiq Journal of Pakistan Studies (SJPS) if accepted. Author (s) retain the copyrights and will grant SJPS the non-exclusive rights of first publication of manuscript electronically and in print form and to identify SJPS as the original publisher under creative commons License. It will allow others to share the content with explicit indication of the authorship and its initial publication in SJPS. Under these licensing terms, the author (s) confirm that all the content of the published manuscript will be distributed in the public domain and other researchers may use it exclusively for the non-profit scientific purpose (s) with the obligatory acknowledgement of authorship. Author (s) reserves unconditional rights to copy and reproduce the published work for teaching, use it in other research and redistribute, share or place the copy of the article to any other medium or format, even commercially only if SJPS is explicitly acknowledged as the original publisher. However, author (s) cannot apply any legal or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything that is already permitted under the license terms. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2024-04-28 2024-04-28 3 2 23 34 https://journals.iub.edu.pk/index.php/sjps/article/view/2725 <p>Pakistan's creation is not solely the achievement of Muslims but also of otherreligious communities from India. Pakistan ensured the representation ofminorities across various social and political domains. This research paper aimsto spotlight the political domain and draw comparisons between parliamentaryand military regimes regarding the inclusion of minority representatives and theirroles in serving the nation and managing portfolios in the federal cabinets ofPakistan. Minority ministers not only received cabinet representation but alsoactively participated in the policy-making process and contributed to thedevelopment of both the nation and their respective communities. They heldministerial positions in crucial areas such as Law, Health, Education, and Labour,playing a significant role in these domains. A comparative analysis of minorityrepresentation in parliamentary and military regimes (1947-1999) reveals thatparliamentary systems were more accommodating towards minorities, particularlyin terms of providing them with opportunities in the cabinet and other politicalinstitutions. However, it should be noted that minority representatives wereallotted lesser space in military governments than democratic governments. Thekey sources of the paper are the parliamentary debates, reliable works of searchand various cabinet documents.</p> Wajid Ali Bhatti Copyright (c) 2024 By submitting an article to the editor, the author (s) will automatically grant editors the rights to edit and post the content of the articles on the official website of the Sadiq Journal of Pakistan Studies (SJPS) if accepted. Author (s) retain the copyrights and will grant SJPS the non-exclusive rights of first publication of manuscript electronically and in print form and to identify SJPS as the original publisher under creative commons License. It will allow others to share the content with explicit indication of the authorship and its initial publication in SJPS. Under these licensing terms, the author (s) confirm that all the content of the published manuscript will be distributed in the public domain and other researchers may use it exclusively for the non-profit scientific purpose (s) with the obligatory acknowledgement of authorship. Author (s) reserves unconditional rights to copy and reproduce the published work for teaching, use it in other research and redistribute, share or place the copy of the article to any other medium or format, even commercially only if SJPS is explicitly acknowledged as the original publisher. However, author (s) cannot apply any legal or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything that is already permitted under the license terms. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2024-04-28 2024-04-28 3 2 35 44 https://journals.iub.edu.pk/index.php/sjps/article/view/2726 <p>This study investigates the efficacy of the QAED Punjab in improving theknowledge, skills, attitudes and dispositions of teachers in government primaryand elementary schools in three districts Muzaffargarh, Kot Addu, and RahimyarKhan. The emphasis is on head teachers as they assess the impact of capacitybuildingtraining on their teaching team. The opinions will be gathered through adedicated questionnaire, the GOVERNMENT SCHOOL HEAD TEACHERS’SATISFACTION (GSHS), where head teachers will provide insights ImpactAssessment of Quaid-e-Azam Academy for Educational Development Punjab'sCapacity Building Programs on Teacher’s Performance: A Head Teachers'Perspective. The questionnaire explores a number of performance areas forteacher educators, especially with regard to competency and skill development.Head teachers will share their thoughts on a variety of behaviours demonstratedby qualified in-service teacher educators, such as being on time, upholdingdiscipline, utilising a variety of teaching techniques, integrating technology, andparticipating in professional development events. The rating system, which goesfrom Always to Never, will be useful in capturing varied viewpoints regarding theefficacy of teacher capacity-building programmes.</p> Muhammad Azam Rana Copyright (c) 2024 By submitting an article to the editor, the author (s) will automatically grant editors the rights to edit and post the content of the articles on the official website of the Sadiq Journal of Pakistan Studies (SJPS) if accepted. Author (s) retain the copyrights and will grant SJPS the non-exclusive rights of first publication of manuscript electronically and in print form and to identify SJPS as the original publisher under creative commons License. It will allow others to share the content with explicit indication of the authorship and its initial publication in SJPS. Under these licensing terms, the author (s) confirm that all the content of the published manuscript will be distributed in the public domain and other researchers may use it exclusively for the non-profit scientific purpose (s) with the obligatory acknowledgement of authorship. Author (s) reserves unconditional rights to copy and reproduce the published work for teaching, use it in other research and redistribute, share or place the copy of the article to any other medium or format, even commercially only if SJPS is explicitly acknowledged as the original publisher. However, author (s) cannot apply any legal or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything that is already permitted under the license terms. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2024-04-28 2024-04-28 3 2 45 60