Ammonium chloride and urea based deep eutectic solvent: toxicological and antioxidant profile

Authors

  • Shamaila Inayat Kinnaird College for women
  • Sajid Rashid Ahmad 1College of Earth and Environmental Sciences Quaid e Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
  • Sana Javaid Awan Kinnaird College for Women Lahore
  • Muhammad Nawshad 3Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University Peshawar

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52461/ijnms.v2i1.1260

Abstract

In the present study, the toxicity potential of ammonium chloride and urea-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) was studied. A homogeneous DES solution was obtained by heating at 60°C for 20 minutes. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was used to verify the synthesis. The toxicity profiling of ammonium-based DES was performed using in vitro cell lines (fibroblast growth factor) and microbes (fungi, Gram positive and gram negative bacteria) and in vivo model organism (fish). DES was found to the had maximum zone of inhibition against tested bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus) and fungal strains (Candida albicans). Ammonium chloride-urea DES had higher LC50 against Cyprinus carpio. DES was found to have a higher percentage of cell viability at higher concentration along with DPPH scavenging activity of 92%. In conclusion, ammonium chloride-urea based DES had been successfully formed and found less harmful at higher concentrations, thus can be used as promising solvents in the future.

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Published

2022-12-31

How to Cite

Inayat, S., Rashid Ahmad, S., Awan, S. J., & Nawshad , M. (2022). Ammonium chloride and urea based deep eutectic solvent: toxicological and antioxidant profile . International Journal of Natural Medicine and Health Sciences, 2(1), 36–42. https://doi.org/10.52461/ijnms.v2i1.1260

Issue

Vol. 2 No. 1 (2022): International Journal of Natural Medicine and Health Sciences

Section

Articles

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Copyright (c) 2022 International Journal of Natural Medicine and Health Sciences

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