Comparative Analysis of the Concept of Religion in modern Western and Islamic Thought

Abstract

This research article examines the multifaceted concept of religion in Islamic and Western thought, focusing on the Qur’ānic terminologies of Dīn (a comprehensive way of life), ‘Ibādah (total submission to Allah), and Da’wah (the ethical propagation of Islam). In contrast to Western philosophical perspectives that often reduce religion to emotional, psychological, or poetic dimensions, Islam envisions it as an integrated framework encompassing spiritual, social, ethical, and political aspects of human life. The analysis draws upon Western thinkers such as Schleiermacher, Freud, Herder, and Eliade to illustrate how fragmented views of religion have shaped the discourse in Western intellectual traditions. These perspectives are compared with the holistic Qur’ānic approach, which unifies sacred and secular domains under divine sovereignty. The study highlights that reducing Islam to isolated dimensions—ritualism, mysticism, or legalism—fails to capture its comprehensive nature as Dīn. Ibadah transcends rituals, emphasizing spiritual devotion integrated with ethical and societal responsibilities, while Da’wah is presented as a compassionate, wisdom-driven invitation to Islam. The findings underscore the necessity for Muslims to embrace the holistic principles of Dīn, ensuring that Islam remains a relevant and transformative force in the modern world. This research offers a critical framework for reorienting Islamic understanding toward its original, unified essence, enabling individuals and communities to embody the faith comprehensively.