Analysis of Glass Ceiling Factors Thwarting Professional Development of Women: A Case Study of Private and Public Institutions of Multan District

Abstract

The research article presents a quantitative study and analysis of the various glass ceiling factors which hinder the personal and professional development of women in the public and private sector organizations of district Multan. The respondents were selected through a purposive sampling technique and the hypothesis was confirmed by the use of tabulation analysis. The hypotheses of the study were positively tested through the tabulation table. The findings of the study suggest that social mobility, nepotism, sexism, male dominance, gender stereotyping, wage gap, marital status, and age of women are major contributing glass ceiling factors keeping women from realizing their professional potential. These glass ceiling factors prevail in both public and private institutions with multifaceted manifestations. The research findings further suggest that with increasing economic pressures on household income in Pakistan these factors affect the professional performances of women despite higher economic engagement rates of women in economic spheres. Reviewing policing making on national and local levels can aid in breaking these glass ceiling factors.