Beyond Skills Acquisition: TVET, Household Dynamics, and Women’s Empowerment in Pakistan

Abstract

The influence of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) on women's empowerment is still a debated issue in patriarchal societies such as Pakistan. This research was conducted to understand the role of TVET in the economic and social empowerment of young women in relation to their income-generating ability, control over household resources, self-confidence, and decision-making independence. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through interviews and focus group discussions with enrolled trainees and graduates to understand women's expectations and skills acquisition, as well as social and economic outcomes following the training. The results show that while TVET equips women with marketable skills, the overall effect on empowerment is limited, as many graduates are unable to practice their skills after training. Family dynamics, social norms, mobility constraints, and financial limitations have a strong influence on the women’s role in the household and income opportunities. Support or restrictions from male family members have a considerable impact on women’s empowerment. Whether the graduates succeed or not largely depends on the approval of their male relatives, father, brother, or husband. The study confirms that women who are employed or self-employed tend to be more confident and take part in household decision-making than those who are unemployed. Overall, the evidence shows that providing opportunities along with a supportive environment can allow young women to change their socioeconomic status.