HERMENEUTIC RECEPTION OF EX-CONVICT TERRORISTS ON UNDERSTANDING THE QUR’ANIC VERSES OF JIHAD AND QITAL

Authors

  • Luqman Abdul Jabbar Institut Agama Islam Negeri Pontianak, Indonesia
  • Ridwan Rosdiawan Institut Agama Islam Negeri Pontianak, Indonesia
  • Nasaruddin Umar Professors, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • Hamka Hasan Professors, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52461/pjqs.v2i2.2125

Keywords:

Hermeneutics, Qur'anic Studies, Reception, Terrorism

Abstract

Ex-convict terrorists interpret the Qur’anic verses of jihad and qita>l as war against infidels, with the view that jihad is an obligation and heaven as the reward. This understanding has theological, political, sociological and psychological implications. In the context of Hans Robert Jauss' reception theory, the two main factors that influence this understanding are internal factors (personal background) and external factors (situation and social interaction). These determine how one understands the verses of jihad and qita>l in the Qur'an. This conclusion refutes the theory that attributes religion as the cause of violence as proposed by some scholars such as John Louis Esposito, David Rapoport, Robert Scott Appleby, and Bruce Lincoln.

References

William E. Paden, Interpreting the Sacred: Ways of Viewing Religion (Boston: Beacon Press, 1992).

Richard H. Price and Dennis L. Bouffard, “Behavioral Appropriateness and Situational Constraint as Dimensions of Social Behavior,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1974). 581. See also, Manjul Gupta, “Social Network Behavior Inappropriateness: The Role of Individual-Level Espoused National Cultural Values,” Information Technology and People (2022).

Mark's theory was developed by Karl Mannheim under the term the sociology of knowledge and continued by Jurgen Habermas. See Gorringe Team, Political Readings of Scripture, the Cambridge Companion to Biblical Interpretation, ed. John Barton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). 69.

The comparison of the number of gazwah and sariyyah is not clear from the source, Sofyan was also unable to mention the reference source, let alone the details of the reference source. Ibid.

This Hadith is from Ibn 'Umar, who was categorised by Imam Bukhari as a dha'if (weak) Hadith, which can be read in several sources such as Hady al-Sari, Fath al-Bari, al-Dhu'afa' al-Kabir. See Ibn Hajar Al-'Asqalani, Fath Al-Bari, Vol. I. (Cairo: Maktabah al-Guraba' al-'Asariyyah, 1996). 166. See also Abu Ja'far Muhammad al-'Uqaili Al-Maliki, Al-Dhu'Afa' Al-Kabir, v. I. (Beirut: Dar al-Maktabah al-'Ilmiyyah, 1984). 329.

This Hadith, which originated from 'Ubadah ibn Samit, is categorised by al-Bani as a sahih ligairihi (valid because of the presence of other sources) and claimed by al-Damiyati that the sanad of this Hadith is jayyid (good). See Shaykh Muhammad ibn Ibrahim (Tahqiq) Al-Damiyati, Sharaf al-Din, Al-Matjar Al-Rabih Fi Sawab Al-'Amal Al-Salih, (Cairo: Dar al-Bayan al-'Arabiy, 2006).

Gorringe Team, Political Readings of Scripture, the Cambridge Companion to Biblical Interpretation. 70.

E. Doyle McCarthy, “THE SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE,” https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303088215_Sociology_of_Knowledge_2000_article, last modified 2000, accessed July 19, 2022. See also Hamka Hamka, “Sosiologi Pengetahuan: Telaah Atas Pemikiran Karl Mannheim,” Scolae: Journal of Pedagogy 3, no. 1 (2020): 76–84.

Muhyar Fanani, Metode Studi Islam: Aplikasi Sosiologi Pengetahuan Sebagai Cara Pandang (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2008). 36.

Nasr Ḥamid Abu Zayd, Mafhum Al-Naṣṣ: Dirasah Fi ’Ulum Al-. Qur’an (Beirut: al-Markaz al-Thaqafi al-’Arabi, 1996). 82-84.

Motives are desires that stem from human desires related to the social conditions they face, known as sociogenic motives.

Private interview with Muhammad Sofyan Tsauri, at Depok, West Java, Indonesia on August 07, 2021.

Azyumardi Azra, Pergolakan Politik Islam: Dari Fundamentalisme, Modernisme Hingga Pos-Modernisme (Jakarta: Paramadina, 1996). 112-113.

Nasir ibn ‘Abd al-Karim Al-‘Aql, Al-Khawarih; Awwal Al-Firaq Fi Tarikh Al-Islam (Riyaḍh: Dar Ishbiliya, 1998). 25-33. Lihat juga di Jamileh Kadivar, Exploring Takfir Ist Origins and Contemporary Use: The Case of Takfiri Approach (London: Sage, 2020). 4-9.

‘Ali Al-Sabuni, Al-Tibyan Fi ‘Ulum Al-Qur’an (Pakistan: Maktabah al-Busyrā, 2011). 125-126.

Personal Interview with Muhammad Sofyan Tsauri, Depok West Java on August 07, 2021.

Esack, Farid. Qur’an, Liberation and Pluralism : An Islamic Perspectives of Interreligious Solidarity Against Oppression (USA: Rockport, USA MIZAN, 1997).

Henry Tajfel & John Turner, An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict, The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relation (Monterey: CA: Brooks-Cole, 1979). 96-97.

Personal Interview with Muhammad Sofyan Tsauri, Depok West Java on August 07, 2021.

T.R. Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton NI: Princeton University Press, 1970).24-29.

Henry Tajfel & John Turner, An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict, The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relation. 96-97.

Albert Bandura, “Mechanism of Moral Disengagement", in Walter Reich (Ed.), The Origin of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies State of Mind, (Cambridge university Press, 1990), last modified 1990, accessed March 21, 2022, https://www.cambridge.org./core.search. Also see in Albert Bandura, “Mechanism of Moral Disengagementin The Exercise Og Moral Agency,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71, no. 2 (1996): 364–372, https://psycnet.apa.org/search/display.

C. McPhail, “The Dark Side of People: Individual and Collective Violence in Riots,” Sosiological Quarterly, last modified 1994, accessed March 21, 2022, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247237042. Also see ‘Abd al-Haq Mujitanah, “Mafhum al-‘Anf al-Ijtima’ Fi al-Buhuth al-Susiyulujiyyah Bayn al-Tarh al-‘Ilmiy wa al-Tarh al-Idiyulujiyyah,” Al-Majallah al-‘Ilmiyyah Li Jami’ah Al-Jaza’ir (al-Majallah al-‘Ilmiyyah li Jami’ah al-Jaza’ir, n.d.), https://www.univ-alger3.dz/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Vol6_Num1_Art6.pdf, accessed July 20, 2022.

Ehud Sprinzak, The Psychopholitical Formation of Extreme Left Terrorism in a Democracy: The Case of The Weathermen, in the Origin of Terrorism, ed. Walter Reich (Cambridge University Press, 1990).

Farid Esack, Al-Qur’an, Liberalisme, Pluralisme: Membebaskan Yang Tertindas, Translated. (Bandung: Mizan, 2000). 29.

Quraish Shihab, Posisi Sentral…, 136.

M. Arkoun, Rethinking Islam: Qommon Question Uncommon Answer (Colorado: West View Press, 1994). 35-36. Also see in Abu Zayd, Ishkaliyat Al-Qira’at Wa ’Aliayat al-Ta’wil (Beirut: Markaz al- Thaqafi al-’Arabi, 1992).16-17.

M. Quraish Shihab, Posisi Sentral…, 159.

S. Wild, Political Interpretation of The Quran, in Jane Dammen, ed. McAuliffe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010). 273-289.

Syed Huzaifah bin Othman Alkaff, “Using Theology to Legitimize Jihadist Radicalism,” Source: Counter Terrorism Trends and Analises 10, no. 3 (2018), 6, accessed March 21, 2022, from https/www.researchgate.net/publication .

Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd, Al-Nass, al-Sultah, al-Haqiqah: Al-Fikr al-Diniy Bain Iradah al-Ma’rifah Wa Idarah al-Haimanah (Beirut: al-Markaz al-Thaqafi al-‘Arabiy, 1995), 13. Accessed March 21, 2022, https//www.noor-book.com/en/ebook; Stefan Wild, Political Interpretation…, in Janne Dammen McAuliffe, The Cambridge Companion to the Qur’an (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007). 273-276. Also see in Azyumardi Azra, The Use and Abuse of The Quranic Verses in Contemporary Indonesian Politics. (London: Oxford University Press, 2005).

Abdullah Seed, Reading The Qur’an in The Twenty-First Century: A Contextualist Approach (New York: Routledge, 2014), 100. Accessed March 21, 2022, from https//www.researchgate.net/publication.

Damian Szlachter and Pitr Potejko, Religious Extremism Among Islam Believers Living In Poland, Dalam Radicalism and Terrorism In The21st Century (Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2017), 193. Accessed March 21, 2022, drom https//library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/face.

A. Seed & Ali Akbar, “Contextualist Approaches and Interpretation of The Qur’ān,” Journals Religions 12 (2021), 53. Accessed March 21, 2022, https:/doi.org/10.3390/rel12070527.

Downloads

Published

31.12.2023

How to Cite

Luqman Abdul Jabbar, Ridwan Rosdiawan, Nasaruddin Umar, and Hamka Hasan. 2023. “HERMENEUTIC RECEPTION OF EX-CONVICT TERRORISTS ON UNDERSTANDING THE QUR’ANIC VERSES OF JIHAD AND QITAL”. Pakistan Journal of Qur’ānic Studies 2 (2):133-44. https://doi.org/10.52461/pjqs.v2i2.2125.